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Mohammad Jafar Irani; Ebrahim Taghizadeh; Alirez Iranshahi
Abstract
Banks, whether public or private, as one of the most important economic organisations by mobilisation of financial resources through taking deposits and with the intention of making profits make investments and give loans to their customers. The expansion of economic relations and the needs of the people ...
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Banks, whether public or private, as one of the most important economic organisations by mobilisation of financial resources through taking deposits and with the intention of making profits make investments and give loans to their customers. The expansion of economic relations and the needs of the people to banks requires a carful investigation of the legal nature of banks’ relationship with their customers whether legal or natural persons or otherwise. In the past, the banking was simple and elementary. In such an environment in the case of emergence of any problem or issue and in case of causing damages to banks’ customers, it was easy to identify the cause of the damage as the banks and their customers were in interaction in person and their relationship was not complex and extensive as they are now. Nowadays, given the technological advances and the advent of electronic communications has led the banks to utilise these technologies and provide new services via new methods to their customers. The use of such new technologies has led to new complexities between banks and their customers. Given such complex relations, it is possible that customers suffer some damages and they seek compensation. Depending on whether such damages are could come under a contractual relations or be based on a tort, the method of compensation varies. Banking contracts such as interest free loans, Joaleh, Mozarbeh as example of a contractual relationship between banks and their customers. However, the legal basis of the contractual and non-contractual liability of the of banks vis-à-vis their customers could be found in in the general and special legislations such as Articles 11 and 12 of the Civil Liability Act and also Article 35 of the Monetary and Banking Act according to which “each bank is liable to compensate the damages which has been caused to their customers due to the banking operations of the bank”. Based on the prima facie understating of this Article, there is no need to established the a bank’s fault and only the relationship between the damages caused to the customer and the bank’s activity is enough. There are a number of legal vacuums and defects in the relationship between banks and their customers. Nowadays such deficiencies and failures in the banking sector do exist. Therefore, taking into account general legal rules and principles of civil liability, no damages should be left without compensation. The banking deposit should also follow the same route.
Azadeh najafi; Ebrahim Taghizadeh; Ali Chahkandinejad
Abstract
An imposed contract is a new contract, the validity or invalidity of which is disputed. Well-known Imami jurists believe in the invalidity of new contracts, but later and contemporary jurists believe in its validity. In Iranian law, the principle of validity of contracts governs it. An imposed contract ...
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An imposed contract is a new contract, the validity or invalidity of which is disputed. Well-known Imami jurists believe in the invalidity of new contracts, but later and contemporary jurists believe in its validity. In Iranian law, the principle of validity of contracts governs it. An imposed contract has the general conditions set forth in Article 190 of the Civil Code, and the specific conditions. Some of these characteristics are related to the subject and property of the contract, some are related to the characteristics of the proposing party, some are related to the general provisions of these contracts, and some are related to how the contract is required and accepted. Numerous proposals have been made to support the weak side of the contract in the imposed contracts. Modification of the contract, interpretation of the contract, removal of the contract terms, termination of the contract, are among these proposals. In the Consumer Protection Law approved in 2009, the General Policies Implementation Law in Article 44 of the 2008 Constitution, the Insurance Law approved in 1316, the Maritime Law in 1343, the Electronic Commerce Law approved in 1382, the building pre-sale law approved on 89/10/12, protection We see the injured party in the imposed contracts. Of course, what ensures the interests of the weak party in the imposed contracts is the adjustment or elimination of unjust and unfair conditions while maintaining the principle of the contract, and the guarantee of invalidity, termination and non-influence can not ensure the interests of the weak party that needs to conclude the contract. Slowly It seems that in order to protect the weak side of the contract, and due to the lack of explicitness and the provision of a specific performance guarantee, such an article should be approved: If a contract is entered into by imposition and entails unfair, unfair or oppressive terms, the judge must, as far as justice is concerned, modify those terms or exempt the weak party from enforcing them, and in interpreting the contract, the expediency of the party. Consider the weak.
